| Toliver Craig | |
|---|---|
| Born | Taliaferro Craig c. 1704 Spotsylvania County, Virginia Colony |
| Died | 1795 Woodford County, Kentucky, United States |
| Cause of death | Natural causes |
| Nationality | American |
| Other names | Tolliver Craig |
| Occupation | Landowner, militia officer and farmer |
| Known for | Early Kentucky pioneer and landowner; one of the defenders of Bryan's Station |
| Religion | Baptist |
| Spouse | Mary "Polly" Hawkins (1716-1804) |
| Children | 12 children |
| Parents | Captain Ricardo Tagliaferro? and Jane Craig |
Toliver Craig, Sr., first called Taliaferro Craig, (c. 1704-1795) was an 18th-century American frontiersman and militia officer. An early settler and landowner near present-day Lexington, Kentucky, he was one of the defenders of the early fort of Bryan's Station during the American Revolutionary War. It was attacked by the British and Shawnee on August 15, 1782. Craig and his family were early converts to the Baptist Church. His sons especially preached their religious views in the Colony of Virginia during the 1760s and 1770s, and at least two, Elijah and Lewis, were imprisoned for preaching without a license from the Anglican Church.
As a young man, his son Rev. Elijah Craig was a Baptist preacher jailed in Fredericksburg, Virginia. He worked with James Madison on state guarantees for religious freedom after the Revolutionary War. Toliver and his sons Lewis and Joseph Craig led 400-600 members of their congregation as the "Traveling Church" into Kentucky in 1781. Elijah Craig, who came soon after, became an educator and businessman in Kentucky.
Another son, Toliver Craig, Jr., was an important landowner in Scott and Logan County. He was elected as a representative to the Kentucky state legislature.
There is some confusion as to the circumstances of Craig's birth. According to traditional accounts and his own descendants, Taliaferro was the illegitimate son of Ricardo Tagliaferro, an Italian sea captain, and Jane Craig, a young Scottish woman who traveled with him to the Virginia colony. She was pregnant and Tagliaferro never married her. Craig gave birth to a son she named Taliaferro Craig in 1704. His name was later anglicized to Toliver or Tolliver. Jane Craig never married. Ricardo Tagliaferro was said to have settled in Virginia, where he later married and had a family. He was said to have a brother there, Robert Tagliaferro (or Taliaferro).
However, this story about Craig's connection to Robert Tagliaferro may not be accurate. The Robert Taliaferro who was the ancestor of the prominent Taliaferro family of Virginia (later anglicized to Toliver or Tolliver), arrived in Virginia from England in the mid-17th century. His ancestors had been in England for some time, with the first serving as a court musician to Queen Elizabeth I in the 16th century.[1] Recent DNA testing of Taliaferro and Craig male descendants shows no genetic connection between them.
Tolliver Craig became a modest farmer and member of the Virginia militia. In 1730, he married Mary (Polly) Hawkins (descendant of John Hawkins), with whom he would have 12 children. Like many people in Virginia, he and his family were largely illiterate. He was presumed to have decent social standing, as the Hawkins family were prominent in Virginia society at the time.[2]
During the 1760s, Craig and his family embraced the Baptist movement. His sons Elijah, Lewis, and Joseph Craig became Baptist preachers. Elijah and Lewis were jailed in Fredericksburg, Virginia for preaching without a license from the Anglican Church. One account had them defended by Patrick Henry, but other historians call that apocryphal.[3]
Craig and his family moved to Kentucky at the end of the Revolution, where he lived with his wife and younger children at Bryan's Station (present-day Lexington). (His sons Elijah and Lewis led the Traveling Church to Kentucky.) When the fort was attacked by a British Canadian and Shawnee raiding party under Captain William Caldwell and Simon Girty, Craig and his wife Polly, although both were elderly, were some of the more well-known defenders. The 66-year-old Mary "Polly" Craig was reported to have led a group of women outside the fort to fetch water from a spring to quench possible burning arrows. Their courage was later honored by a DAR memorial near the spring.
Craig later became a prominent landowner, purchasing the David Bryan estate from John Bowman.[4] He donated large amounts of land to the Baptist church. He died in Woodford County, Kentucky in 1795.